In what fields is Morpholine used?

Morpholine (C₄H₉NO) is a versatile heterocyclic organic compound with a wide range of industrial applications due to its amine-like reactivity, water solubility, and volatility. Below are its key uses across different fields:

1. Water Treatment & Corrosion Inhibition

Boiler Water Additive:

pH Adjuster: Morpholine vaporizes with steam and condenses, maintaining alkaline pH (~9–10) in condensate return lines to prevent acidic corrosion (e.g., in power plants).

Oxygen Scavenger Synergist: Enhances the performance of DEHA or hydrazine in removing dissolved O₂.

Cooling Systems: Protects copper/steel pipes by forming passivation layers.

2. Chemical Synthesis & Pharmaceuticals

Intermediate for Drugs:

Used in synthesizing antibiotics (e.g., linezolid), analgesics, and antifungals.

Key building block for morpholine rings in bioactive molecules.

Rubber Accelerators: Vulcanization agent in tire production (e.g., CBS, MOR).

3. Coatings & Adhesives

Wax Emulsifier: In polishes, floor coatings, and fruit coatings (FDA-approved for food contact).

Epoxy Curing Agent: Modifies resin properties for adhesives/paints.

4. Gas Treatment & Oil Refining

H₂S Scavenger: Removes hydrogen sulfide from natural gas streams.

Acid Gas Neutralizer: In refining to control corrosion.

5. Other Uses

Photography: Component of developers/stop baths.

Agriculture: Solvent for herbicides/pesticides.

Safety Note:

Morpholine is flammable and moderately toxic (wear PPE; avoid inhalation). Regulatory limits apply in food/medical applications.

Its multifunctionality stems from its dual amine/ether functionality, balancing reactivity and solubility.